A Zero-Waste Multi-Criteria Decision-Support Model for the Iron and Steel Industry in Developing Countries: A Case Study

The iron and steel industry is a major global that consumes vast quantities of energy causes environmental degradation through greenhouse gas emissions industrial waste generation, treatment, disposal. There need to manage complex in Africa, which requires system engineering approach zero management as informed by multi-criteria decision-making. purpose the current study was develop hybrid four-step decision-support model, i-ZEWATA (Industrial Zero Waste Tiered Analysis). I-ZEWATA acts road map understand, design, assess, evaluate systems with ultimate objective moving towards achieving zero-waste footprint. results demonstrate can be identified, visualized, prioritized, managed promote applying system-engineered approach. Additionally, relationship patterns environmental, social, operational, economic aspects behavioral outcomes were identified. It clear from case South Africa that, although technology solution investment essential, management, valorization, treatment components require concerted effort improve operational effective circular economy.